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Introduction
The microorganisms of the class Mollicutes (Mycoplasma) were first identified in 1898 as the etiologic agent of the bovine contagious pleuropneumonia (BCPP) and thereafter, all similar agents were named pleuropneumonia-like (PPLO-like) organisms
Avian Mycoplasmosis is caused principally by three species of Mycoplasma organisms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) occur in chickens and turkeys. Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) occurs in turkeys. Mycoplasma meleagridis may be seen in other species such as pheasant, quail, guineas, and pigeons. Mycoplasma synoviae causes infectious synovitis where as Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD), which is a serious problem, particularly in chicken flocks.
Since 1994, Mycoplasma. gallisepticum conjunctivitis has become an emerging disease in finches. This disease has been responsible for major declines in house finch populations in the eastern U.S., and was recently reported in western house finch populations. Mycoplasma gallisepticum can also affect other finch species, although its impact has not been as severe.
Tags: Article Poultry Avian Mycoplasmosis
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Introduction
Marek's disease (MDV) is a naturally occuring disease of young chickens but older birds can also be affected. In contrast to the lymphoid leukosis tumor response, Marek's disease (MDV) may be observed in more diverse locations. Marek's disease is caused by a widespread, higly contagious, cellassociated, oncogenic herpes virus. virus belonging to the Herpes virus group. Much is known about the transmission of the virus; however, it appears that the virus is concentrated in the feather follicles and shed in the dander (sloughed skin and feather cells). The virus has a long survival time in dander since viable virus can be isolated from houses that have been depopulated for many months.
Hospes
Chicken of all age are susceptible. Other avian spesies, including turkey, quail and duck, can either be infected experimentally or have natural antibodie to Marek's disease (MDV).
Tags: Article Poultry Marek's Disease (Visceral Leukosis)
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Sinonim : Fowl Pox (FP), Pox
Introduction
Avian pox is a relatively slow-spreading viral disease in birds, characterized by wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic membranes lining the mouth and upper respiratory system. It has been present in birds since the earliest history. Mortality is not usually significant unless the respiratory involvement is marked. The disease may occur in any age of bird, at any time.
Avian pox is caused by a virus of which there are at least three different strains or types; fowl pox virus, pigeon pox virus and canary pox virus. Although some workers include turkey pox virus as a distinct strain, many feel that is identical to fowl pox virus.
Each virus strain is infective for a number of species of birds. Natural occurring pox in chickens, turkeys and other domestic fowl is considered to be caused by fowl pox virus.
Tags: Article Poultry Avian PoxArticle Select Category Avian Pox
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Infectious bursal disease is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of young chickens. It is most often found in highly concentrated poultry producing areas. It causes marked morbidity and mortality in affected flocks. Although the disease causes severe losses, its affect on reducing the bird's ability to develop immunity to other diseases may be the most serious effect produced by this disease.
Transmission
Airborne transmission in the direction of prevailing wind. The spread of infection is rapid in a flock. Some birds become carriers and shedders of the virus through secretions and discharges for many months after the infection. IB virus persists in contaminated chicken houses for approximately four weeks. contaminated litter and feces, caretaker, contaminated air, equipment, feed, servicemen and possible insects and wild birds. It is extremely contagious.
Tags: Article Poultry Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)
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Etiology
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic, ubiquitous soil saprophyte. It is a mycelium-forming true fungus, classified as an Ascomycete, capable of asexual reproduction. The genus Aspergillus includes a variety of related fungi which cause aspergillosis. The causal agent of avian aspergillosis is usually Aspergillus fumigatus, with occasional reports of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus terreus
Transmission
Aspergillosis is the most frequently occurring fungal infection in birds. All species are susceptible. Contaminated food, water, and nesting material are sources of exposure to spores. Spores often become airborne in dry windy weather spreading from one location to another.
Aspergillus can also infect the developing embryo by penetrating the egg while the embryo is developing. Infected eggs may develop a slightly greenish tint when candled. Well developed lesions may appear on infected embryos after they hatch.
Tags: Article Poultry Avian Aspergillosis
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